Pontius Pilate [b] ( Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. [263] In the 1927 silent film The King of Kings, Pilate is played by Hungarian-American actor Victor Varconi, who is introduced seated under an enormous 37 feet high Roman eagle, which Christopher McDonough argues symbolizes "not power that he possesses but power that possesses him". [233] In Arnoul Grban's fifteenth-century Passion, Pilate instructs the flagellators on how best to whip Jesus. For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1142261817, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:07. Copyright Like The Master Ministries. [23] In the Gospels of Mark and John, Pilate is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech. According to Flavius Josephus, Pilates supporter, Sejanus, was murdered later. "[272] Wroe argues that later Pilates took on a sort of effeminancy,[268] illustrated by Michael Palins Pilate in Monty Python's Life of Brian, who lisps and mispronounces his r's as w's. [176] One tradition states that Pilate was banished to Vienne where a Roman ruin is associated with his tomb; according to another, Pilate took refuge in a mountain (now called Mount Pilatus) in modern Switzerland, before eventually committing suicide in a lake on its summit. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. Later, Pilate in his own words stated that Jesus was crucified in his official record, Acts of Pilate, which was sent to Rome and archived there for others to read. [217], Following this longer period in which few depictions of Pilate were made, the increased religiosity of the mid-nineteenth century caused a slew of new depictions of Pontius Pilate to be created, now depicted as a Roman. [182] In a legend from medieval Rus', Pilate attempts to save Saint Stephen from being executed; Pilate, his wife and children have themselves baptized and bury Stephen in a gilded silver coffin. Pilate and his wife arrived at Caesarea in 26. Pontius Pilate was a Roman prefect (or governor) over Judea in the early first century (about 26-36 AD). Yet, Jesus returned from death to life and left the tomb anyway (Matt. He could also be a Samnite by origin, because the name Pontius could come from the Pontii family, belonging to the Italian people of the Samnites (central Italy). [3], In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art formsthese depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include Pilate, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. "[138] An earlier reference to Pilate's records of Jesus's trial is given by the Christian apologist Justin Martyr around 160. Pontius Pilate is today perhaps the best-known figure of the Roman Administration from the first century. The emperor in Rome is suffering from a terrible disease at this time, and hearing of Christ's healing powers, sends for him only to learn from Saint Veronica that Christ has been crucified, but she possesses a cloth with the image of his face. The Jewish historian Josephus, the philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. [296] Carter notes this theory arose in the context of the aftermath of the Holocaust, that the evidence that Sejanus was anti-Semitic depends entirely on Philo, and that "[m]ost scholars have not been convinced that it is an accurate or a fair picture of Pilate."[297]. [120] Earlier coins read on the obverse and on the reverse, referring to the emperor Tiberius and his mother Livia (Julia Augusta). He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to riot. [275] McDonough argues that "Shopov gives us a very subtle Pilate, one who manages to appear alarmed though not panicked before the crowd, but who betrays far greater misgivings in private conversation with his wife. Oh, come on, loosen up a little. Russian critics in the 1960s interpreted this Pilate as "a model of the spineless provincial bureaucrats of Stalinist Russia. Protecting The Most Valuable Treasure On Earth. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. after Pilate's deposition, he himself became ruler of Judaea. See more. Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week . Britannica 2005. Judging by this story, his wife seems to have travelled with him. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [205] In the Bible moralise, Pilate is generally depicted as a Jew. [92], According to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (18.4.12), Pilate's removal as governor occurred after Pilate slaughtered a group of armed Samaritans at a village called Tirathana near Mount Gerizim, where they hoped to find artifacts that had been buried there by Moses. [47] This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to Pilate. Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judea [ .. has given?]". At some point in 36 AD, a group of Samaritans from Samaria, who were followers of another messiah there, most likely called Dositheos, had begun excavating Mount Gerizim in the belief that they would find riches and artifacts there associated with the Hebrew prophet Moses. After questioning Jesus he knew that execution was not what he deserved. [198], Despite being venerated as a saint by the Coptic and Ethiopian Churches, very few images of Pilate exist in these traditions from any time period. Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It appears that Pilate attempted to avoid a direct conflict with the Jewish leaders by hoping that King Herod might release Jesus (Luke 23:7-11). Pilate was wary; he wanted to remain on good terms with the Jewish authorities, but he also Mar 3, 2017. Pontius Pilate was a shrewd politician, an opportunist, and a man well-versed in philosophy and familiar with ethics. [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. Pontius Pilate is best known for presiding over Jesus ' trial and ordering his crucifixion. Nothing is known about his life before he became governor of Judaea, and nothing is known about the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. [235] In the 1493 Frankfurter Passionsspiel, on the other hand, Pilate himself accuses Christ. On the basis of events which were documented by the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and the Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal. [151] Two of these include purported reports made by Pilate to the emperor (the Anaphora Pilati to Emperor Tiberius and the Letter of Pilate to Claudius to Claudius) on the crucifixion, in which Pilate recounts Jesus' death and resurrection, blaming the Jews. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. [111] G. Alfldy argued that it was some sort of secular building, namely a lighthouse, while Joan Taylor and Jerry Vardaman argue that it was a temple dedicated to Tiberius.[112][113]. In 2010, the Christian Broadcasting Network made the 52 . Pilate is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates. [121] As was typical of Roman coins struck in Judaea, they did not have a portrait of the emperor, though they included some pagan designs. First Apology 48. $8.99 1 New from $8.99. Yet, no judge could justly condemn a man he considered innocent. These soldiers came up to Jerusalem at the time of the feasts, when the city was full of strangers, and there was . Csar, hearing that Pilate had arrived at Rome, was filled with exceeding fury against him, and caused him to be brought to him. [261] The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's Die Frau des Pilatus portrays Pilate's wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming Pilate's guilt for herself; Pilate executes her as well. 3. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. For he was a doer of surprising feats a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [152] Another early text is an apocryphal letter attributed to "Herod" (a composite character of the various Herods in the Bible), which claims to respond to a letter from Pilate in which Pilate spoke of his remorse for Jesus' crucifixion and of having had a vision of the risen Christ; "Herod" asks Pilate to pray for him. Historians disagree on whether or not such a custom is a fictional element of the gospels, reflects historical reality, or perhaps represents a single amnesty in the year of Jesus's crucifixion. In Roman-occupied Judea, Claudia Lucretia Pilate, daughter of the governor Pontius Pilate, is not happy with her father's choice of husband for her - the handsome Roman Tribune Marcus Gaius Sejanus, who has been assigned the task of ridding Palestine of the troublesome Zealots. [45], As governor, Pilate had the right to appoint the Jewish High Priest and also officially controlled the vestments of the High Priest in the Antonia Fortress. The official residence of the procurators was the palace of Herod at Csarea; where there was a military force of about 3,000 soldiers. Moreover, Pilate also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. Hear their responses inspired by scripture and what the Bible says in regards to an. [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. 3. The New Testament suggests that Pilate had a weak, vacillating personality. He was a man with whom it was no secret that the Emperor didn't trust. His position and his well-being depended on keeping the peace with those around him. There he lives happily as a farmer and is looked after by his daughter, but suffers from gout and obesity and broods over his time as governor of Judaea. 26-36? "), and John 19:22 (Quod scripsi, scripsi, "What I have written, I have written"). Pilate also stationed a guard of Roman solders at the tomb after a large stone was rolled into place at the opening to prevent anyone from taking the body (Matt. After questioning Jesus and receiving very few responses, Herod decides that Jesus poses no threat and returns you to Pilate. They wanted Jesus dead. Pilate's Life "[54], According to Josephus in his The Jewish War (2.9.2) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.1), Pilate offended the Jews by moving imperial standards with the image of Caesar into Jerusalem. [268] In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, based on the 1970 rock opera, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". [31] Like other Roman governors of Judaea, Pilate made his primary residence in Caesarea, going to Jerusalem mainly for major feasts in order to maintain order. [41] Because the Romans allowed a certain degree of local control, Pilate shared a limited amount of civil and religious power with the Jewish Sanhedrin. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. Pilate apparently found an way into such a high position through a referral from one of Emperor Tiberius' favorite administrators, a man named Sejanus, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. His famous father, Herod the Great had also passed away. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. Her grand-father was the notorious King Herod, who executed most of his family and was said to have murdered the Innocents when Jesus was born. [81][82] All four gospels also mention that Pilate had the custom of releasing one captive in honor of the Passover festival; this custom is not attested in any other source. [153], In the so-called Book of the Cock, a late-antique apocryphal passion Gospel only preserved in Ge'ez (Ethiopic) but translated from Arabic,[154] Pilate attempts to avoid Jesus's execution by sending him to Herod and writing further letters arguing with Herod not to execute Jesus. [168] The tradition may go back to a misread Latin inscription on the tower. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. Responding to Celsus, the Christian apologist Origen, writing c.248 AD, argued that nothing bad happened to Pilate, because the Jews and not Pilate were responsible for Jesus' death; he therefore also assumed that Pilate did not die a shameful death. So he introduced Caesars effigies, which were upon the ensigns, and brought them into the city; whereas our law forbids us the very making of images; on which account the former procurators were wont to make their entry into the city with such ensigns as had not those ornaments. [122] This theory was rejected by Helen Bond, who argued that there was nothing particularly offensive about the designs. Now Herod was very glad when he saw Jesus; for he had wanted to see Him for a long time, because he had been hearing about Him and was hoping to see some sign performed by Him. The story about the Procurator of Judea has two characters: Aelius Lamia, a Roman patrician, and Pontius Pilate. [19], On the basis of the many offenses that Pilate caused to the Judaean populace, some scholars find Pilate to have been a particularly bad governor. [174] In the Golden Legend, Pilate is portrayed as closely associated with Judas, first coveting the fruit in the orchard of Judas's father Ruben, then granting Judas Ruben's property after Judas has killed his own father. For Pilate, anything that got him advanced in status in the eyes of the emperor was truth. [5], While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent him a message, saying, Have nothing to do with that righteous Man; for last night I suffered greatly in a dream because of Him. Matthew 27:19(NASB). "[277] The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. Although in Latin, the name Pilate means, "skilled with the javelin." [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. His decision may have also been made to avoid a bad report to Rome. [99], The church historian Eusebius (Church History 2.7.1), writing in the early fourth century, claims that "tradition relates that" Pilate committed suicide after he was recalled to Rome due to the disgrace he was in. [169] The legend exists in many different versions and was extremely widespread in both Latin and the vernacular, and each version contains significant variation, often relating to local traditions.[170]. [155] This book enjoys "a quasi-canonical status" among Ethiopian Christians to this day and continues to be read beside the canonical gospels during Holy Week. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. This is revealed to be because Pilate is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but Pilate commits suicide first. [265], The film The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) portrays Pilate as "a representative of the gross materialism of the Roman empire", with the actor Basil Rathbone giving him long fingers and a long nose. [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? The love story is not soppy, it is real, and the heartbreak of the situation well portrayed. [84] Yet other scholars, such as Brian McGing and Bond, have argued that there is no real discrepancy between Pilate's behavior in Josephus and Philo and that in the Gospels. Was Jesus resurrected on the same day Noah's ark rested on Mt. 10. Justin Martyr. [255] Henry I. MacAdam describes it as "the 'cult classic' of Pilate-related fiction. Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor of Judea during the time of Jesus. Is there more information on Pontius Pilate's wife? [128], In 2018, an inscription on a thin copper-alloy sealing ring that had been discovered at Herodium was uncovered using modern scanning techniques. Some influential Christians demurred, however. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. Flavius Josephus. 12. Ararat? The king reads in the stars that he will bear a son who will rule over many lands, so he has a miller's daughter named Pila brought to him whom he impregnates; Pilate's name thus results from the combination of the names Pila with Atus. [208] Depictions of Pilate in this period are mostly found in private devotional settings such as on ivory or in books; he is also a major subject in a number of panel-paintings, mostly German, and frescoes, mostly Scandinavian. [240] In the Wakefield plays, Pilate is portrayed as wickedly evil, describing himself as Satan's agent (mali actoris) while plotting Christ's torture so as to extract the most pain. [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. His term of office was during the subsequent reign of Tiberius from 26-36 CE. [1] The Samnites lived in the southern region of Italy. Pilate builds a church in the honor of Stephen, Gamaliel, and Nicodemus, who were martyred with Stephen. Who gave Jesus to Pontius Pilate? According to Eusebius of Caesareas Ecclesiastical History, Pontius Pilate killed himself on orders from the emperor Caligula sometime after 36 CE. [286], The Gospels' deflection of responsibility for Jesus's crucifixion from Pilate to the Jews has been blamed for fomenting antisemitism from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She was recognized as a holy martyr by the Greek Orthodox, the Coptic and the Ethiopian Churches. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. Due to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint, a belief which is historically shared by the Coptic Church. "[288] This, combined with the general lack of information on Pilate's long time in office, has resulted in a wide range of assessments by modern scholars. "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . He had the power to inflict capital punishment, and was responsible for collecting tributes and taxes, and for disbursing funds, including the minting of coins. So the Jewish leaders drag Jesus before Pilate and try to make their case by piling accusations and pressing Pilate to act, say the Gospels. [83], The Gospels' portrayal of Pilate is "widely assumed" to diverge greatly from that found in Josephus and Philo,[84] as Pilate is portrayed as reluctant to execute Jesus and pressured to do so by the crowd and Jewish authorities. According to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate's treatment of the Jews was motivated by antisemitism, but most modern historians do not believe this theory.[10]. John P. Meier notes that in Josephus, by contrast, "Pilate alone [] is said to condemn Jesus to the cross. The body is first thrown in the Tiber, but because it causes storms it is then moved to Vienne, and then thrown in a lake in the high Alps. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. His wife sends him word of a revelatory dream she has had about Jesus and urges him to have nothing to do with that innocent man (Matthew 27:19), and Pilate abdicates his responsibility to the emperor. Pontius Pilate was the Roman official who gave the final order for the crucifixion. Corrections? Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed innocent? The Flying House, known in Japan as Tondera Hausu no Daibken (, Adventures of the Flying House), is a Christian anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Productions broadcast between April 1982 and March 1983 on TV Tokyo, and distributed by the Christian Broadcasting Network in the United States. . In them, Pilate is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. What Happened to Pontius Pilate after Jesus? Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. McClintock and Strong. [209] The most frequent scene to include Pilate is his washing of his hands; Pilate is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. [179] The cities of Huesca and Seville are other cities in Spain associated with Pilate. Truth is whatever you decide it is, whatever is most pragmatic, kind of like throwing darts at the wall and drawing targets around them. And his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. Would the mob be just as happy if he released Barabbas instead of Jesus on the feast day (Mark 15:6 ff.)? [273] The trial takes place in Pilate's private stables, implying that Pilate does not think the judgment of Jesus very important, and no attempt is made to take any responsibility from Pilate for Jesus's death, which he orders without any qualms. [41] As Roman governor, he was head of the judicial system. The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. Pilate's times were very different from our own. (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). [22] If it means "skilled with the javelin," it is possible that Pilate won the cognomen for himself while serving in the Roman military;[20] it is also possible that his father acquired the cognomen through military skill. Pontius Pilate's Wife. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. [206] Colum Hourihane argues that all of these plays supported antisemitic tropes and were written at times when persecution of Jews on the continent were high. Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3. [25] Like all but one other governor of Judaea, Pilate was of the equestrian order, a middle rank of the Roman nobility. ; "What is truth? The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. [118] The coins belong to a type called a "perutah", measured between 13.5 and 17mm, were minted in Jerusalem,[119] and are fairly crudely made. [43] He seems to have been free to govern the province as he wished, with intervention by the legate of Syria only coming at the end of his tenure, after the appointment of Lucius Vitellius to the post in 35. The quote reveals that many Greeks considered Pilates misfortunes to be divine justice for the death of Jesus Christ. The Nicene Creed, formulated under Emperor Constantine in AD 325 and emended in AD 381, stated bluntly that Christ 'was crucified under Pontius Pilate'. The task is daunting because almost our entire . His supper with the apostles (and subsequent arrest) happen on . The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. An early church tradition that had taken a favourable opinion of Pilate persisted in some churches into the early 21st century. More than 30 years earlier, his father, Herod the Great, had tried but failed to murder the young Jesus by slaughtering all the boys under two years old in Bethlehem ( Matthew 2:16 ), but Joseph, Mary and Jesus had already fled to Egypt. Pontius Pilate was born somewhere, although we don't know where.According to one account, he was a member of the Pontii tribe as well as a member of the Samnite royalty.The Samnites were a people that resided in Italy's southern area.Alternatively, it is said that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was the bastard son of Tyrus, the King . McClintock and Strong. He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. [51], Daniel Schwartz takes the note in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 23:12) that Pilate had a difficult relationship with the Galilean Jewish king Herod Antipas as potentially historical. Supposedly, his name was changed in Pontus to Pontius Pilate and he was eventually appointed the sixth governor or procurator of Judea by Sejanus, a favorite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. He met people whom Pilate had governed, people who had known Pilate from close quarters and could give reliable reports which were based on immediate experience. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of Pilate was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. Pilate, who was the fifth, succeeding Valerius Gratus in A.D. 26, had greater authority than most procurators under the empire, for in addition to the ordinary duty of financial administration, he had supreme power . [249] The Mystre de la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate's life before the passion. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. [246] In the York passion cycle, Pilate describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry. [49] Similarly, Helen Bond argues that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus. There are many different conceptions of what it means to be human. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. . [2] In short, the traditions are in conflict and we do not really know where Pilate was born or his life as a teenager or young adult. But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. Others argue that Pilate's duty was not so much to uphold justice as it was to promote peace and Roman interests. They became ennobled as equestrians. Pilate was the first who brought those images to Jerusalem, and set them up there; which was done without the knowledge of the people, because it was done in the nighttime; but as soon as they knew it, they came in multitudes to Cesarea, and interceded with Pilate many days, that he would remove the images; and when he would not grant their requests, because it would tend to the injury of Caesar, while yet they persevered in their request, on the sixth day he ordered his soldiers to have their weapons privately, while he came and sat upon his judgment seat, which seat was so prepared in the open place of the city, that it concealed the army that lay ready to oppress them: and when the Jews petitioned him again, he gave a signal to the soldiers to encompass them round, and threatened that their punishment should be no less than immediate death, unless they would leave off disturbing him, and go their ways home. 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