& Fernndez Navarro, J. M. Solgel coatings in the ZrO2SiO2 system for protection of historical works of glass. Tempered glass may suffer spontaneous breakage due to nickel sulfide inclusions. Investigation on solgel silica coatings for the protection of ancient glass: Interaction with glass surface and protection efficiency. Cosmochim. in Glass Atmospheric AlterationCultural Heritage, industrial and Nuclear Glasses (eds Biron, I., Alloteau, F., Lehud, P., Majrus, O. J. Non-Cryst. Gin, S., Beaudoux, X., Angli, F., Jgou, C. & Godon, N. Effect of composition on the short-term and long-term dissolution rates of ten borosilicate glasses of increasing complexity from 3 to 30 oxides. The chemical durability refers to the dependency of the alteration rate on the chemical composition of the glass. Recent evaluation of organo(alkoxy)silane polymers called Orcomers used to consolidate and protect crizzled enamels indicates promising results in the short term38. Manual inspection cannot find washer defects. An alteration resumption, or the retention of a high dissolution rate close to the forward rate, has then been observed in immersion conditions at high S/V and at high temperature or high pH (>150C or >pH 11 at 6500m1 for SON68), and associated to the formation of silicate phases100,107. SEM images are shown in Fig. Frugier, P. et al. If these hypotheses were confirmed, then they would provide alternative explanations of the roles of CaO and K2O on glass chemical durability in atmosphere. 109, Editions Hermann, 2019. Solid State Laser Reflection (SSLR) scanner and processing detects chamfers whose dimensions are outside of the acceptable control limits, rejects the panel and shows the defective chamfers to the operators. & Caurant, D.) 209214 (Hermann, 2019). F.I.C. Res. Reprinted from ref. An international initiative on long-term behavior of high-level nuclear waste glass. For instance, low emissivity stacks based on Ag layers may face adhesion problems if the corrosion of the glass surface is not carefully controlled and limited, especially during storage and transport. With photovoltaic panels: alteration and soiling of the glass protection of the cell significantly decrease the efficiency of the device60. Manual inspection is time consuming, inexact and subjective. The float glass contains various defects for reasons of raw materials and production process. Glass must be inspected using a viewing angle of 90 degrees from the glass with suitable background light (daylight without direct sunlight or a range of 500 1000 foot lamberts.) Glass Sci. Inspect the central 80% portion of the glass. Verres Rfract. Flaws arising from the manufacturing process are inevitable. Everyone who has went through the courses said they have learned something and consider it a great resource. The first and most commonly observed crystalline alteration products are salts of leached modifier cations reacted with an acid gas, such as sulfates and carbonates (i). High-Level Waste Borosilicate Glass: A Compendium of Corrosion Characteristics. Although wildly entertaining, it can be a tricky plot to follow. Apart from solutions oriented on consolidation (such as Paraloid B-72 acrylics)33, the few invasive conservation treatments aimed at slowing down atmospheric alteration almost exclusively consist of coating the glass surface with either inorganic34,35 or hybrid organicinorganic products. Defects cause differential local humidity conditions due to capillary forces, building up heterogeneity in the alteration front. FlammaTec, spol. Geochim. Non Cryst. Ribet, S. & Gin, S. Role of neoformed phases on the mechanisms controlling the resumption of SON68 glass alteration in alkaline media. Turnkey tabletop inspection systems allow pilot lines, Labs and R&D operations to start using SSLR technology early in the product/process development. Sci. These products have shown mixed results, and they tend to be replaced by a more efficient and long-term preservation method through protective glazing54,55. J. Phys. ASTM has many different specifications and classifications depending on the type of glass being analyzed or quality controlled. Scale bars are a 2m, b 1m. Vol. Koob, S. P. Conservation and Care of Glass Objects. In float glass manufacture the appearance of inhomogeneities - such as voids or rigid inclusions, optical defects - cannot be avoided. On-line Scratch and Sleek detection can be extremely difficult. 7, 978983 (2008). Consolidating products are used occasionally for glass and paints (Orcomer, Paralod B72) and new ones will appear soon (European research projects CONSTGLASS and NANOMATCH)53. /R{|Ydw"!Hu;KwCp&,a|g9NWv^
8!+X%U^oU+NgJ\=~.YU58[krD]t5_ceKZKJKzfCtEuxq>x\TDU
cn`cI]>upSm2Ax}t8()#+?kC>wyKnz?%Oqw4Pi077F@'Mfd`;Uihf]\hMPtDMM)iC\L 7Fd`u-*g 9mBz1cBr7. An experimental study of the effect of zinc treatment on float glass. STG realizes solutions for energy savings, NOx reduction, increased melting rates, and optimized process control in particular, for industrial furnaces, mainly in the glass industry. Chopinet, M. H. et al. In more specific conditions, zeolites, phyllosilicates and silicate hydrates are also encountered (ii)100,103,104. Mellott, N. P., Brantley, S. L., Hamilton, J. P. & Pantano, C. G. Evaluation of surface preparation methods for glass. Dal Bianco, B. et al. The cross-sections of crizzled glasses show homogenous hydrated layers with different density from the bulk glass at the SEM scale19,20, and of which thicknesses range between 1 and several 10m. term loads on annealed float glass; The following recommendations for allowable stresses are provided in Structural Use of Glass [13], which defines values based on load type and glass type; 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 n Strength (MPa) Weibull (Cumul.) Technol. For instance, replacing Na2O by CaO improves the chemical durability, until some amount of around 10mol% CaO92. Godron, Y. Bibliographie raisonne de lattaque, par les agents atmosphriques, des verres utiliss dans le btiment. This maybe because most of the experiments are conducted at high temperatures (>90C) which promote the precipitation of silicates, and/or because of compositional differences of the glass. Atmos. Angeli, F., Gaillard, M., Jollivet, P. & Charpentier, T. Influence of glass composition and alteration solution on leached silicate glass structure: a solid-state NMR investigation. organized the design and co-writing of the paper, wrote the sections Mechanisms of glass alteration in humid atmosphere and Summary and contributed to the other sections. When this mechanism prevails, it induces an increase of hydration rate and corresponding decrease of chemical durability. I. Non Cryst. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Your future self will thank you! Mater. 66, 253263 (2013). The atmospheric glass alteration depends strongly on the glass surface composition, which may be different from the bulk composition, due to process parameters62. Another type of iridescence concerns atmospheric alteration23. A scanner developed by the Glass Inspector technical team, capable of detecting the 4 main defects that tempered glass can have: White haze. Iridescence can also be observed and will be discussed in the next section of this paper23. J. Whenever a pane of glass is handled, theres a chance it can be damaged. Vapor hydrated nuclear waste glasses are usually characterized by a hydrated layer on the surface and the formation of secondary phases. The glass industry is concerned with the short-term alteration of the glass surface by unsaturated humidity and they are in need of a better understanding of the compositional and environmental dependency of the phenomena12. Doremus, R. H. Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a glass surface. Glass is like a butterfly. In order to restore and protect this Cultural Heritage from mechanical, chemical deteriorations and vandalism, restoration has been engaged (cleaning, bonding, consolidating, filling gaps, etc.). info@gsl.cz. B 136138, 858862 (1998). Float glass is generally accepted to be of the highest visual quality. High-Level Waste Borosilicate Glass: A Compendium of Corrosion Characteristics. J. Non-Cryst. Glass art objects are objects entirely made out of glass, or partially (as enamels), which have been produced for utilitarian or artistic purposes and have been preserved in private or museum collections in recognition of their historical and/or artistic value. This mechanism adds to the interdiffusion mechanism and seems specific to atmospheric conditions, although a similar effect has also been suggested in liquid conditions but with much lower concentrations of alkalies113. Some of these secondary phases incorporate radionuclides and studies have shown that these phases may readily dissolve when they are subsequently exposed to aqueous medium. Correspondence to Thien, B. M. J., Godon, N., Ballestero, A., Gin, S. & Ayral, A. Glass Sci. Bates, J. K. et al. Glass alteration in atmospheric conditions: crossing perspectives from cultural heritage, glass industry, and nuclear waste management, $$\equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{O}}-{\mathrm{Na}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{3}}{\mathrm{O}}^ + \leftrightarrow \equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{OH}} + {\mathrm{Na}}^ + + {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}$$, $$\equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{O}}-{\mathrm{Na}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{O}} \leftrightarrow \equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{OH}} + {\mathrm{Na}}^ + + {\mathrm{OH}}^ -$$, \(Alt = 2\sqrt {\frac{{D_{H2O} \times t}}{\pi }}\), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-020-00130-9. SEM images (secondary electrons except d back-scattered electrons) of the surface (a, c, e) and of the edge (b, d, f) of glass plates altered at 40C, 85% RH for 6 months. The effect of these pollutants on the evolution of the degradation has been demonstrated31 but the control of their concentration in the museum atmosphere remains rare (Grnes Gewlbe Museum). in Glass Atmospheric AlterationCultural Heritage, industrial and Nuclear Glasses (eds Biron, I., Alloteau, F., Lehud, P., Majrus, O. & Caurant, D.) 169174 (Hermann, 2019). This type of alteration (burial corrosion, sometimes also called weathering) is out of the scope of this article. Inspection results show only first surface defects. Internet Explorer). Alloteau, F. et al. 84, Copyright (2018), with permission from ELSEVIER. If the client or Owner knows the short version of the inspection, discussed in the early stages, youll just have to get your entertainment elsewhere.. T: +420 571 498 511 Still now, curators and conservators do not have enough perspective to decide on their real long-term efficacy. J. The authors declare no competing interests. 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