Quetzalcoatl drank it, became intoxicated and committed incest with his sister, Quetzalptatl. In another legend, still told in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl was feeling ill. His brother Tezcatlipoca, who wanted to be rid of Quetzalcoatl, came up with a clever plan. Most Mesoamerican beliefs included cycles of suns. After a slapstick-style chase scene, Xavier winds up as the Sun God and commits "sacricide" (sacrificial suicide), ending the skit. If this speech was actually given, its likely that ignorance of Aztec customs and Nahuatl speech patterns was to blame for giving the impression that Montezuma was willingly handing over power to a divine being. Quetzalcoatl was not only one of the most important deities in pre-Columbian Mexico, he was also one of the oldest. There are several stories about the birth of Quetzalcoatl. [22] A third story narrates that Chimalman was hit in the womb by an arrow shot by Mixcoatl and nine months later she gave birth to a child which was called Quetzalcoatl. In these instances, he is often seen wearing a lot of jewelry and some form of a hat. Members of this confederacy from Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Oaxaca provided the Spaniards with the army that first reclaimed the city of Cholula from its pro-Aztec ruling faction, and ultimately defeated the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). Circular temples were believed to please Ehcatl because they offered no sharp obstacles to the wind. Plumed serpents continued to be depicted in Central American cultures. Actually, the Aztec god is often regarded as one of the most worshiped characters in the Aztec religion. He appears in Post-classic tales from the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec cultures. Rather, one was named Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, and the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui. On the other hand, the snake was considered a vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the Mayan kings. The Nahua largely spoke dialects of the same language, Nahuatl, which helped to unify their culture. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Sure, other pagan gods had made their appearance on earth and thought to easily grant access to the corn. The association of the name with kingship led colonial Spaniards to believe that the Aztecs considered themselves to be descended from the god himself. ; (2) a god of the winds, the sun, and the planet Venus; (3) the cultural hero and expected "messiah" of the pre-Columbian Mexicans; and (4) a god-hero who served as patron of the arts . By adding a bit of his own blood, he allowed a new civilization to emerge. Ashamed, Quetzalcoatl left Tula and headed east, eventually reaching the Gulf Coast. Because the feathered serpent was such a widespread and long-lasting archetype, he was known by many names throughout Mexico and Central America. It is believed that the Feathered Serpent was responsible for all of it. The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the third century. According to another mythological account, he was conceived by the virgin Chimalman after she swallowed an emerald. The legend of Quetzalcoatl is spoofed in the Adult Swim CGI series Xavier: Renegade Angel. It shows the first signs of a feathered serpent cult amongst ancient civilizations of the region. Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. During the Post-Classic Period (900AD-1519AD), the main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: Maup van de Kerkhof, "Quetzalcoatl: The Feathered Serpent Deity of Ancient Mesoamerica", History Cooperative, February 13, 2023, https://historycooperative.org/quetzalcoatl/. However, Quetzalcoatl was already worshiped well before the Aztecs reigned over the area we know today as Mesoamerica. [32][33][34][35][36] Most documents expounding this theory are of entirely Spanish origin, such as Corts's letters to Charles V of Spain, in which Corts goes to great pains to present the naive gullibility of the Aztecs in general as a great aid in the conquest of the Aztec Empire. In Aztec culture, this was considered to be one of the most important primal forces. As Quetzalcoatl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he had a more intimidating appearance including a black mask or face paint, elaborate headdress and a weapon, such as an ax or lethal darts representing the rays of the morning star. Xolotl was the sinister god of monstrosities who wears the spirally-twisted wind jewel and the ear ornaments of Quetzalcoatl. [38] Some Franciscans at this time held millennarian beliefs[39] and some of them believed that Corts' coming to the New World ushered in the final era of evangelization before the coming of the millennium. After Topiltzin's exile, Toltec power began to decline. The Aztecs, however, were only a small segment of the regions people. Kukulkan In the Mayan culture, this name was used by the Yucatec people of southern Mexico and Belize. At this particular address, behind the green door, next . Among the Aztecs, the name Quetzalcoatl was also a priestly title, as the two most important priests of the Aztec Templo Mayor were called "Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqui". Well, look no further, because Quetzalcoatl is your guy. Spanish writers of the 16th century claimed that Hernn Corts was hailed as the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. Each age of the world was given a new sun, and the world was on its Fifth Sun, having been destroyed four times previously. This would oppose the other serpent rising in the exact opposite direction, namely outwards. The first keeper of written records, he was patron of the Calmecac, a school for noble children who learned to paint histories and astrology, as well as practice the art of war. These two serpents formed a duality, with the feathered serpent representing the life and growth that balanced violence. The first documented worship of Quetzalcoatl is found in Theotihuacan during the first century BC or first century AD.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4','ezslot_7',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4-0'); This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); By the Late Classic Period (600AD-900AD), it appears that the worship of Quetzalcoatl had spread throughout the Mesoamerican region. Answer (1 of 6): So you have decided to dedicate your life and afterlife to the Prince of Pleasure. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Because of this, the ways in which he was worshipped varied widely. Furthermore, he saw the Quetzal birds flying in the sky, which was also something he had never seen before. Ultimately during the Fifth Sun, Quetzalcoatl was successfully able to retrieve the human bones from the underworld Mictlan (guarded by the realm's ruler - Mictlantecuhtli) that were infused with his own blood and corn to once again 'regenerate' mankind. But still, how could that ever be the case? [22], To the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was, as his name indicates, a feathered serpent. Different Mesoamerican groups had their own legends about Quetzalcoatl and placed emphasis on different domains. In the 16th century, Spaniards conquered the Aztec Empire. He is also a god of learning, reading, and books. From ancient snake gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs! Cholula remained the most important center of worship of Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec/Nahua version of the feathered-serpent deity, in the post-classic period. The Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. For the giant pterosaur, see, God of life, light and wisdom, lord of the day and the winds. Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. The name Quetzalcoatl can directly be linked to the Quetzal bird, a rare bird species found in Mesoamerica. [5] It was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. 5D's, Beyblade: Metal Fusion, Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia and Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid (the latter two depicting Quetzalcoatl as a female dragon deity); the Megami Tensei video game franchise; the video games Fate/Grand Order, Final Fantasy VIII, Final Fantasy XV, Sanitarium, Smite (as an alternate costume for his Mayan counterpart, Kukulkan), and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine; as the main antagonist in the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode "How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth"; and in The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel books. That is, according to the Aztecs. He is usually called one of the Aztec gods, but even this identification only reveals a partial truth. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulkan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as "feathered serpent" in different Mayan languages. Corn did exist, but it grew at a location that the ancient cultures were unable to reach. Over the South presides the Blue Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Others said that he had invented the calendar and books. One of his most defining attributes, however, is his breastplate. At first, the ancient Mesoamerican cultures were actually very welcoming toward the colonizers. Around the 5th and 6th centuries, the cult of the feather serpent spread to many central Mexican cities, including Cocaxtla and Cholula. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. In the Mesoamerican Epiclassic Period (900-1200 A.D.), worship of Quetzalcoatl took off. [24], According to another version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the four Tezcatlipocas, each of whom presided over one of the four cardinal directions. Evidence of such worship comes from the iconography of different Mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs occur frequently. This didnt help a lot to overcome their cruel intentions, however. Some Mesoamericans believed that as part of the creation of the world he had given people maize, making him an important agricultural god. Quetzalcoatl appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Thor: Love and Thunder. In sculptures adorning temples throughout ancient Mexico, he generally appeared as a plumed serpent, although sometimes he had human features as well. In the Aztec religion, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of water, but she was also the only Chalchiuhtlicue: The Aztec Goddess of Water, gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs. Why is that? Where once feathered snakes were worshiped all over, after the Spanish conquest the locals were forced into worshiping Jesus Christ. Quetzalcoatl by himself was a god of many things to the Toltecs and Aztecs. [40] However, a majority of Mesoamericanist scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003, 2018[37]), James Lockhart (1994), Susan D. Gillespie (1989), Camilla Townsend (2003a, 2003b), Louise Burkhart, Michel Graulich and Michael E. Smith (2003), among others, consider the "Quetzalcoatl/Corts myth" as one of many myths about the Spanish conquest which have risen in the early post-conquest period. And over the North presides the Black Tezcatlipoca, known by no other name than Tezcatlipoca, the god of judgment, night, deceit, sorcery and the Earth. The Puebla, Oaxaca, and Tlaxcala provided soldiers to support the Spanish army, first to retake Cholula and then to march against Tenochtitlan. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World Paperback November 7, 2015, Learn more about Quetzalcoatl at WikiPedia, Copyright - 2023 - Aztecs and Tenochtitlan, The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World. According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. As mentioned before, the god Tlaloc is believed to have helped to create Quetzalcoatl. As an Aztec deity, he was one of four sons of the creator god Ometeotl, associated with the wind god, and the patron god of arts and knowledge. For example, the Aztecs revered him as the god of the priesthood, knowledge, and trade. He was a creator deity having contributed essentially to the creation of mankind. In some traditions, he was considered to be the creator of mankind. Quetzalcoatl became linked with the maize crop thanks to ancient legends. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.. Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons.. One noted Post-Classic Toltec ruler was named Quetzalcoatl; he may be the same . After months of rain, the snake was forced to come out of the cave. I have been in love with all things related to Mythology. Quetzalcoatl was associated with the wind-god Ehecatl and is often depicted with his insignia: a beak-like mask. The earliest known iconographic depiction of the deity appears on Stela 19 at the Olmec site of La Venta. Legend has it that it made them powerful and strong, enabling them to build cities, palaces, temples, and some of the first pyramids in America. Thats quite a big deal, because for the people in ancient Mexico, maize, or corn, is not just a crop. He was also sometimes said to have created the world itself with the help of one of his brothers. Round monuments occur particularly often in Huastec territory. A feathered serpent deity, therefore, synthesizes opposites, melting together the destructive and developing character of the earth, represented by the snake, with the fertile and rendering forces of the heavens, represented by the bird. [45][46] The deity has been featured as a character in the manga and anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! [14], The name Quetzalcoatl comes from the Nahuatl language and means "Precious serpent" or "Quetzal-feathered Serpent". (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) While the other snakes told him he would never be able to do so, the rain god Tlaloc had other plans. There are three different ways you can cite this article. Rather than showing subservience to the invading Spaniards, Montezumas claim that Corts was a gracious ruler was a way of asserting dominance and showing disdain for the Spanish commander. 3. [11] That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BC 600 AD) of Mesoamerican chronology; veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic period (600900AD). Similar mythology was shared by many of the Aztecs neighbors as well as their ancestors. As soon as the eclipse ended, he promised himself that he would bring the heavens to anyone who is living in hell. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/quetzalcoatl/. The most astonishing aspect of their worship, at least to the Spaniards, was their habit of human sacrifice . One legend claimed that the star was Quetzalcoatls heart, placed in the sky after he burned himself alive out of shame for neglecting his duties. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1141156375, Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with sources in Nahuatl languages (nah), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, White Tecatlipoca, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Feathered Serpent, Precious Twin, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder, the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 17:09. In this period the deity is known to have been named Quetzalchutl by his Nahua followers. Xolotl Among the Aztecs, this was Quetzalcoatls twin. Alternatively, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Names for Quetzalcoatl elsewhere included: In addition to these, it was likely that the feathered serpent god was known by dozens, possibly hundreds, of different names. Indeed, Quetzalcoatl was born. However, a god that represents both a bird and a serpent in particular should be regarded as the highest of spiritual leaders. One of the jewels he is depicted with is the wind jewel, affirming his status as a wind god. Each represented a color and a cardinal direction, with Quetzalcoatl being the only god that wasnt related to war or human sacrifice. Indeed, the same as the one from the Great Pyramid. Ruler of the, Nicholson 2001, Carrasco 1982, Gillespie 1989, Florescano 2002, Lafaye 1987, Townsend 2003, Martnez 1980, Phelan 1970. This made it an important sign of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth. While other gods had relied on brute force for reaching the other side, Quetzalcoatl relied on intelligence in order to reach the maize. He is further related to the gods of wind, with human sacrifice and to the morning star in the Aztec mythology. A lot of cultures such as the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs, and many polities in Central Mexico used to worship the deity Quetzalcoatl during Postclassic period. Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican god whose name literally means feathered serpent. Franciscans then equated the original Quetzalcoatl with Thomas and imagined that the Indians had long-awaited his return to take part once again in God's kingdom. This article is about a Mesoamerican deity. Quetzalcoatl is thus not only an Aztec god. After the second sun, Tezcatlipoca turned all of the people into monkeys, which displeased Quetzalcoatl, who caused the monkeys to be blown away by a hurricane. Aztec Gods Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. He was known as the inventor of books and the calendar, the giver of maize (corn) to mankind, and sometimes as a symbol of death and resurrection. Vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the corn of.! By the virgin Chimalman after she swallowed an emerald only god that wasnt related to.... The Post-classic Period occur frequently Adult Swim CGI series Xavier: Renegade Angel brute force for reaching Gulf... Mentioned before, the cult of the feathered-serpent deity, in which he was also one of Aztec. Name Quetzalcoatl comes from the Nahuatl language and means `` Precious serpent '' Quetzalchutl his. 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